Adderall Abuse on College Campuses a Comprehensive Literature Review

What is Adderall

Adderall is the make name of a prescribed drug used to treat attention arrears hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This medication has a combination of two stimulants: amphetamine and dextroamphetamine. It has besides been prescribed to treat narcolepsy. Patients struggling with ADHD can utilize this medication to increment their attention span and meliorate their focus.

Adderall was FDA-approved in 1960. The combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine has also been canonical equally a generic drug. The brand-name drug is made by DSM Pharmaceuticals, while other companies brand the generic form. Addreall XR comes as a capsule, while regular Adderall is a tablet.

The drug belongs to a group of substances known equally central nervous system stimulants. It increases the levels of dopamine in the brain, and dopamine stimulates the brain and has a soothing and focusing effect on individuals with ADHD. While this tin can be helpful in certain situations, it tin can also lead to Adderall abuse.

Side Effects

Side effects of Adderall may include:

• Anxiety
• Faintness
• Headache
• Stomach problems
• Reduced appetite
• Sleeping problems
• Dry oral fissure
• Weight loss
• Nausea
• Constipation or diarrhea
• Low sex drive

When more severe side effects develop, patients should phone call a md immediately. Serious side effects tin include:

• Vision disturbances
• Seizures
• Difficulty breathing
• Breast pain
• Numbness or severe weakness
• Uninhibited movements
• Delusions and hallucinations
• Vehement behavior
• Intense behavior
• Chronic peel disorders
• Face, lips, or tongue swelling
• Trouble talking or swallowing
• Arrhythmia

Adderall has been classified past the FDA equally a Category C drug, pregnant that there isn't sufficient information to know whether or not it will injure an unborn babe and so it may not exist safety for use past pregnant women. Based on some beast studies, there is evidence of adverse effects in animal babies, simply there are not enough conclusive studies to prove that these same furnishings occur in humans. A md or pharmacist should be able to requite communication on whether or non a patient should accept this medication during pregnancy. For women, this makes Adderall addiction treatment fifty-fifty more important.

Adderall Dosage

Doses of Adderall are administered co-ordinate to the patient'south needs. Doctors generally prescribe a low initial dosage, which can be increased depending on a patient's response to information technology. Children older than 5 taking Adderall for ADHD generally start with 5 milligrams, increasing gradually to 30 mg . Adult dosage for patients with narcolepsy starts at five mg and can increase to 60 mg. Adderall and Adderall XR can be taken with or without food. The tablets are taken over several hours throughout the twenty-four hour period, preferably in the forenoon, since Adderall taken at dark can disturb slumber. Many patients take three doses each day for ADHD.

The substance should be taken exactly as directed past a physician. Patients should not stop taking this medication of a sudden, as doing and then tin can cause severe low, drowsiness, and other symptoms of withdrawal. When a dose is missed, it should be taken as soon every bit possible. However, if the next dose is coming up, the missed dose should be skipped. Doses should non be doubled to brand up for a missed dose.

Abuse and addiction

In contempo years, Adderall has become very pop. Studies demonstrate that the amount of ADHD medications administered to children went upwards 45 pct between 2002 and 2010. Also, Adderall has become the 2nd most prescribed drug. Sales of this drug have jumped and the corporeality of prescriptions has topped 18 one thousand thousand.

The reason why this happens is that more young adults are being diagnosed with ADHD. Nevertheless, doctors are also prescribing it more than to patients who do not have ADHD. The availability of this medication has increased its abuse. Individuals who do not accept a medical condition, allowing them to take information technology, tin feel intense euphoria due to the increase of dopamine levels in the brain. Due to this, many people take become addicted to it. Some may crush, snort, mix or inject them.

Drugs in the stimulant category increase alertness and attention. Many individuals who practice not take an ADHD diagnosis take used this drug to improve their ability to think and focus. It has become very popular among students in order to boost their academic performance.

Stimulants in the aforementioned category as Adderall are generally called smart pills. This is the 2d most common type of drug used on university campuses. Adderall tin simply enhance thinking power in those who have ADHD. Students who have this drug for academic performance can experience potentially harmful side effects. Corruption of this drug is not simply dangerous, only it may serve as a gateway to more serious drugs as well.

Works cited

one.  "ADDERALL® (CII)." U.S. Nutrient and Drug Administration, U.Southward. Food and Drug Administration, Mar. 2007, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/011522s040lbl.pdf.
2.  J.mcgoughm.d., James, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of SLI381 (ADDERALL XR), an Extended-Release Formulation of Adderall." Journal of the American University of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Elsevier, iv Jan. 2010, www.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/article/abs/pii/S0890856709611576.
three.  Angrist, Burton, and Abraham Sudilovsky. "Central Nervous Organisation Stimulants: Historical Aspects and Clinical Effects." SpringerLink, Springer, Boston, MA, i January. 1978, link.springer.com/chapter/x.1007/978-one-4757-0510-2_3.
4.  Undie, ASHIWEL S., and Eastward. I. T. A. N. Friedman. "Stimulation of a dopamine D1 receptor enhances inositol phosphates formation in rat brain." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 253.3 (1990): 987-992.
5.  Louik, Carol, et al. "Increasing apply of ADHD medications in pregnancy." Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 24.2 (2015): 218.
6.  Rodriguez, William, et al. "Improving pediatric dosing through pediatric initiatives: what we have learned." Pediatrics 121.3 (2008): 530-539.
7.  Kolar, Dusan, et al. "Treatment of adults with attending-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Neuropsychiatric affliction and treatment 4.2 (2008): 389.
viii.  Sherzada, Awista. "An assay of ADHD drugs: Ritalin and Adderall." JCCC Honors Periodical 3.one (2012): 2.
9.  Kerley, Kent R., Heith Copes, and O. Hayden Griffin Iii. "Middle-course motives for not-medical prescription stimulant employ among college students." Deviant Beliefs 36.7 (2015): 589-603.
10.  Scheffler, Richard Grand., et al. "The global market for ADHD medications." Health affairs 26.two (2007): 450-457.
11.  Varga, Matthew D. "Adderall abuse on college campuses: a comprehensive literature review." Journal of evidence-based social piece of work ix.iii (2012): 293-313.
12.  Bright, George M. "Corruption of medications employed for the treatment of ADHD: results from a big-scale community survey." The Medscape Journal of Medicine 10.5 (2008): 111.
13.  Teter, Christian J., et al. "Illicit utilize of specific prescription stimulants among higher students: prevalence, motives, and routes of assistants." Pharmacotherapy: The Periodical of Man Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 26.10 (2006): 1501-1510.
14.  Szalavitz, Maia. "Popping smart pills: the case for cognitive enhancement." Fourth dimension, January 6 (2009).
15.  Speranza, Keriann. "The Furnishings of Massachusetts' Decriminalization of Marijuana Law on Utilise Patterns." Undergraduate Review vii.1 (2011): 101-107.

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